Asbestos pdf

Data were Table 1. These values correspond to the right U-shaped relationship between environmen- compiled using Microsoft Excel Microsoft end points of each trajectory in Figure 1. Unlike the situation with ing to the International Organization for tained to approximately 15, GKD, fol- by-products of or emissions from industrial Standardization alpha-3 code UN The cutoff value of 0.

Results Worldwide, the countries that have ever used asbestos and for which economic data are 0. Asbestos use versus GDP in the world. High-income group reliable historical statistics are available for asbestos, a longstanding industrial commodity.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The figures show no time dimension, but 1 Italy countries in fact move along a common time Japan axis, experiencing simultaneous economic USA development and, up to a point, asbestos use.

Middle-income group S1. This 1 Algeria relationship begins to collapse when countries Kazakhstan Mexico consecutively peak out use at the inflection Russian Federation point. The 0. In contrast, middle- and low-income countries continue or even increase use with Low-income group economic growth at the respective stages of development.

During times of soaring infrastruc- 0 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ture demands, intense forces for use of inex- GDP per capita international GKD pensive construction materials are in play. The Figure 2. Asbestos use versus GDP by income level groups. Looping patterns occur when asbestos use and income income countries did not sustain use and even- status reversed trends during the time course. Even Canada, Table 1.

Note that the time-trend analyses in figures are based on the application of the GKD as an indicator of GDP per capita. The former USSR alone used Status as of February for ratification, reporting mortality, and banning use. Ecological association between asbestos-related diseases and historical asbestos con- income countries, although major fluctuations 20, GKD, have completed transitions sumption: an international analysis.

Lancet — Societal responses to hazards of to nonuse; and c middle- and low-income Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy — Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial tos including chrysotile have been embraced closely following paths once traced by higher- Perspective.

High asbestos use by high- Maddison A. Environ Resource Econ — The scientific com- Hoshuyama T, et al. Recent mortality from pleural and Hong Kong [see Supplemental Material, munity has a vital role to play in assisting such mesothelioma, historical patterns of asbestos use, and Figure 2 doi Environ Health This point was also observed for Venezuela, a for the prevention of asbestos diseases.

Perspect — The middle-income country approaching a higher- European mesothelioma epidemic. Br J Cancer — Continuing in , Russia and Kazakhstan have recorded increase in mesothelioma mortality in Britain. Lancet Andreoni J, Levinson A. The simple analytics of the envi- — J Public Econ — Asbestosis mortality Rantanen J. J Occup Health — The collective path of the middle-income Takahashi K, Karjalainen A. Selected occu- overview of the asbestos situation in ten Asian countries.

This pational risk factors. Geneva:World [arising] from the science and engineering les- Health Organization, — Asbestos, Asbestosis, and Cancer. Handbook of the International Comparison However, the ultimate responses to current Fingerhut M, et al.

The global burden of disease due Programme. New York:United Nations Publication. Am J Ind Med — Countries or Areas, Codes and countries is uncertain. Fingerhut M, et al. The global burden of non—malig- Abbreviations. Docs Help Motion Chart. Economic growth and the environ- Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade on the Work have moderate per-capita use levels because of Its Fourth Meeting. Q J Econ — Convention php? However, even a moderate No. Census Bureau. International Data Base.

Available: pl? Available: Trends from through Asbestos in developing countries: and the Environment. New York:Oxford University Press. Recently, we and others demonstrated high, middle, and low that were adapted from the World Bank categories. Currently, middle- and low-income countries are increas- to estimate subsequent health burdens at ing their use of asbestos, closely following the paths once traced by higher income countries. Conclusions: Developing countries have the opportunity to eliminate asbestos use sooner than ; Nishikawa et al.

In this paper, we adopt the USGS Key words: asbestos diseases, asbestos use, economic development, environmental Kuznets curve, definition of use but consider negative use income level, inflection points. Environ Health Perspect — Economic development is assessed by An estimated 90, asbestos-related deaths and Agriculture Organization of the United per capita gross domestic product GDP , occur worldwide every year, and mil- Nations FAO ]. As other types of which is measured in units of International lion people are occupationally exposed asbestos are already on the PIC list, the pre- Geary—Khamis dollars GKD.

GKD to asbestos Driscoll et al. In effect, exporting countries international average prices Maddison ; have recommended that the best way are exempted from the need to obtain con- UN to enable comparisons across to eliminate asbestos disease is to cease asbes- sent from importing countries, the majority countries and over time.

The GKD database tos use. Many countries have substantially of which are in early developmental stages. Indeed, expand asbestos use by poorer countries. Address correspondence to K. Takahashi, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of the bulk of countries with the greatest historic Given the pending threat of a global epi- Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka consumption of asbestos have largely retreated demic of asbestos disease Peto et al.

Telephone: Fax: Transitions to abandon asbestos use have and pattern of asbestos use warrant in-depth E-mail: ktaka med. We thank R. Lemen Emory University, Atlanta, , to variable degrees, in many devel- In this study, we provide a global analysis GA, USA for reviewing our manuscript and provid- oping countries Takahashi and Karjalainen of the use of asbestos by countries over time ing helpful advice. Efforts to transition may be hampered and relate it to a standard measure of economic This work was supported by the JSPS Japan in developing countries because of ignorance, development.

National Institute latency period before disease manifestation, an open report on worldwide supply and con- for Occupational Safety and Health. In the unclas- to [see Supplemental Material, Figure 2 sis. Collectively, an empirical exploration of the relationship a cumulative use of Among middle-income emissions Markandya et al.

Table 1 also shows that lower- countries Figure 2B , Venezuela made a We analyzed the national circumstances income countries have fewer tendencies to rat- clear downturn at ca. China , downward e. Countries and enti- for the same year. Connected lines represent e. Note that looping patterns Bank, such as the former Union of Soviet ages of the two variables for the three income occurred when asbestos use and income status Socialist Republics USSR , Czechoslovakia, groups.

Collectively, countries moved along reversed trends during the time course e. Individual countries in the differ- group generally trailing the path of the higher- ent income groups were selected for graphical income group. The middle- and EKC.

The trajectories of individual high- continuity of data. A common ceiling or national populations whenever we cal- [see Supplemental Material, Figure 1, avail- inflection point in asbestos use is observed at an culated group means.

We obtained popu- able online doi Census Bureau , and Laymeyer and 0. Data were Table 1. These values correspond to the right U-shaped relationship between environmen- compiled using Microsoft Excel Microsoft end points of each trajectory in Figure 1. Unlike the situation with ing to the International Organization for tained to approximately 15, GKD, fol- by-products of or emissions from industrial Standardization alpha-3 code UN The cutoff value of 0.

Results Worldwide, the countries that have ever used asbestos and for which economic data are 0. Asbestos use versus GDP in the world.

High-income group reliable historical statistics are available for asbestos, a longstanding industrial commodity. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The figures show no time dimension, but 1 Italy countries in fact move along a common time Japan axis, experiencing simultaneous economic USA development and, up to a point, asbestos use.

Middle-income group S1. This 1 Algeria relationship begins to collapse when countries Kazakhstan Mexico consecutively peak out use at the inflection Russian Federation point. The 0. In contrast, middle- and low-income countries continue or even increase use with Low-income group economic growth at the respective stages of development.

During times of soaring infrastruc- 0 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ture demands, intense forces for use of inex- GDP per capita international GKD pensive construction materials are in play. The Figure 2. Asbestos use versus GDP by income level groups. Looping patterns occur when asbestos use and income income countries did not sustain use and even- status reversed trends during the time course.

Even Canada, Table 1. Note that the time-trend analyses in figures are based on the application of the GKD as an indicator of GDP per capita. The former USSR alone used Status as of February for ratification, reporting mortality, and banning use.

Ecological association between asbestos-related diseases and historical asbestos con- income countries, although major fluctuations 20, GKD, have completed transitions sumption: an international analysis. Lancet — Societal responses to hazards of to nonuse; and c middle- and low-income Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy — Maddison A. The World Economy: A Millennial tos including chrysotile have been embraced closely following paths once traced by higher- Perspective.

High asbestos use by high- Maddison A. Environ Resource Econ — The scientific com- Hoshuyama T, et al.